Acquiring Portuguese citizenship opens doors not just to the beauty and culture of Portugal but also to a wealth of benefits across the European Union. From visa-free travel to 173 countries to full access to Portugal’s healthcare and social security systems, becoming a Portuguese citizen is a strategic move for anyone seeking global mobility and a better quality of life.
This guide is designed to walk you through the most effective paths to citizenship, whether through naturalization, descent, marriage, or investment, ensuring you have all the insights needed to navigate the process with confidence.
Key Takeaways
- 🌍 Portuguese citizenship grants access to numerous benefits, such as freedom of movement within the EU, visa-free travel to 173 countries, and access to Portugal’s social security system.
- 📜 Eligibility for Portuguese citizenship can be based on residency, language proficiency, and ancestry or family ties, requiring a minimum of five years’ legal residence, adequate Portuguese language skills, and the ability to prove familial connections to Portugal.
- 🛤️ There are multiple paths to obtain Portuguese citizenship, including naturalization, descent, marriage, adoption, investment, and special cases for certain groups like Sephardic Jews, each with specific requirements and fees.
Understanding Portuguese Citizenship
Numerous possibilities unfold with Portuguese citizenship, including the option to acquire Portuguese citizenship.
In terms of international travel, Portuguese citizenship offers the following benefits:
- ✈️ Visa-free or visa-on-arrival entry to 173 countries
- 🎓 The privilege to reside, work, and pursue education in Portugal
- 🛂 Access to the Schengen Area
- 🇺🇸 The ability to stay in the US for up to 90 days without requiring a visa
Eligibility Criteria for Portuguese Citizenship
Residency, language proficiency, and ancestry or family ties are the three main factors determining eligibility for Portuguese citizenship.
As a general rule, acquiring Portuguese citizenship requires:
- Legal residence in Portugal for a specific period, usually five years. This duration is commonly known as the naturalization period.
- Individuals holding a D7 Visa may also achieve permanent residency and, subsequently, citizenship after residing in Portugal for five years.
- A certain level of proficiency in the Portuguese language is also required, which is typically assessed through a language test.
Portuguese nationality law adheres to the jus sanguinis (right of blood) principle in terms of ancestry or family ties, which means that people with at least one Portuguese parent born in Portugal are frequently eligible for citizenship by descent under Portuguese law.
Residency Requirements
The residency criteria for acquiring Portuguese citizenship still require living in Portugal for over five years. However, as of 2025, the five-year period now starts from the moment you submit your temporary residency permit application, not when the permit is issued. This change potentially shortens the overall timeline for naturalization.
To evidence your legal residency in Portugal, you would need to submit suitable documents, such as rental agreements or residence permits, when applying for citizenship through naturalization.
If you have a Portuguese grandparent, you may be eligible for citizenship by descent, and you will need to provide their birth certificate as part of your application.
Language Proficiency
Language proficiency remains a crucial requirement for obtaining Portuguese citizenship, with the Certificado Inicial de Português Língua Estrangeira (CIPLE) test assessing applicants' ability to use everyday Portuguese expressions.
While the test format and minimum passing score of 55% remain unchanged, there is now a greater emphasis on demonstrating cultural integration alongside language skills.
This means that simply passing the language test might not be sufficient without also showing a broader understanding of Portuguese culture and society. The test must still be taken at an approved center within Portugal. The fee for taking the CIPLE Portuguese language test is €70.
Ancestry and Family Ties
Ties to Portugal through ancestry or family relations can serve as a solid foundation for obtaining Portuguese citizenship. The legal principle of jus sanguinis acknowledges nationality based on ancestry or bloodlines. If you can demonstrate a familial link to Portugal, perhaps through a Portuguese parent or grandparent, you may be able to acquire Portuguese citizenship.
To establish your lineage, you would need to provide birth certificates from your parents and grandparents. For those who are married to a Portuguese citizen or in a de facto union with one, you would need to provide evidence such as a government-issued marriage certificate, shared rental agreements, utility bills, and other proof of relationship, such as evidence of cohabitation.
Compare Portugal Visas:
We offer all long-term Portuguese visas for your needs.
Routes to Acquiring Portuguese Citizenship
Alternatively, you could qualify for citizenship based on your lineage if you have Portuguese parents or grandparents. If you have married a Portuguese citizen, then you could potentially claim Portuguese citizenship based on your marital status.
The Golden Visa Program remains a popular route to Portuguese citizenship, but there have been some updates as of 2025. While the general requirement still involves maintaining legal residency for five years, the timeline now starts from the moment you submit your application for a temporary residency permit.
The minimum investment required varies depending on the option chosen, with thresholds starting as low as €200,000 for certain categories. Additionally, applicants must fulfill a residency requirement of averaging seven days per year over the five-year period. Importantly, administrative delays are now accounted for in the process, ensuring that delays do not unfairly prolong the citizenship timeline.
Naturalization
The process of naturalization is a common route for those seeking Portuguese citizenship.
People who want to become Portuguese citizens frequently use this process. It entails:
- Living in Portugal for a minimum of five years
- Following the acquisition of a valid visa, such as D2 or D7
- Meeting all other residency and legal criteria.
In order to obtain Portuguese citizenship, individuals must meet the following requirements:
- Reside lawfully in Portugal for a minimum of five years
- Exhibit competence in the Portuguese language
- Show familiarity with Portuguese culture
- Have no criminal record that is pertinent under Portuguese legislation.
Descent
The descent route is one of the most straightforward methods to attain Portuguese nationality. If you were born to, or have ancestry tracing back to, Portuguese parents or grandparents, you may be able to acquire Portuguese citizenship.
When applying for Portuguese citizenship based on ancestry, it is crucial to provide a certified copy of the long-form birth certificate, proof of lineage to a Portuguese citizen, and all documents must be authenticated by apostille. Additionally, non-Portuguese documents need to be translated into Portuguese.
Marriage
Being married to a Portuguese citizen can also facilitate the acquisition of Portuguese citizenship. The law recognizes the communal rights established for spouses, hence making it possible for one to acquire citizenship through marriage.
The initial procedure for applying for Portuguese citizenship through marriage involves submitting an application to the Portuguese Consulate. The necessary documentation includes a complete narrative birth certificate of the Portuguese spouse, a copy of the spouse’s passport and ID, a filled-out application form, a certified copy of the applicant’s birth certificate, and proof of marriage registration in the Portuguese system.
Adoption
If a Portuguese citizen legally adopts a child from abroad who is under 18, the child can immediately apply for Portuguese citizenship. This allows the child to acquire citizenship at a young age..
In order to be eligible, an individual must have been adopted by a Portuguese citizen before turning 18 and demonstrate connections to Portugal, usually by showing proficiency in the Portuguese language or by pursuing education in Portugal.
Investment
The Golden Visa Program is a popular route to citizenship for those looking to invest in Portugal.
The program expedites the acquisition of a residence permit in Portugal for non-EU/EEA citizens through a qualified investment.
The prerequisites for the Golden Visa Program in Portugal are:
- 💶 Making a substantial investment in Portugal
- ⏳ Upholding the investment for a minimum of 5 years
- 📅 Residing in Portugal for seven days annually
- 🗣️ Displaying proficiency at an A2 level in the Portuguese language
Investment options for the Golden Visa Program include investment funds and artistic donations, with minimum investments ranging from €250,000 to €1.5 million.
Special Cases
Since 2024, the process for Sephardic Jews or descendants of Portuguese citizens seeking Portuguese citizenship has become more stringent. In addition to proving Sephardic Jewish heritage with traditional evidence like Sephardic surnames, cemetery records, or the use of Ladino language, applicants must now legally reside in Portugal for at least three years.
Furthermore, the certification from a recognized Sephardic Jewish community in Portugal is now subject to final approval by a committee appointed by the Ministry of Justice, composed of experts in Sephardic studies and representatives from established Jewish communities in Portugal
Average Processing Time Through Naurlization
The processing time for Portuguese citizenship applications through naturalization typically spans from 6 to 24 months.
The duration can vary depending on various factors such as the completeness of your submitted documents, the volume of applications being processed, and the thoroughness of the verification process.
Ensuring that all required documentation is accurate and complete can help minimize delays.
Here's a brief overview of what influences the processing time:
- Document Submission: Ensure all required documents are submitted accurately and completely to avoid delays.
- Application Volume: High volumes of applications can extend processing times.
- Verification Process: The thoroughness of the background checks and verification process can also affect how long it takes.
In some cases, individual circumstances may lead to quicker or longer processing periods. Being proactive and meticulous in following up on your application can help ensure a smoother process.
Application Process for Portuguese Citizenship
There are different fees associated with different paths to citizenship. For instance, the fee for citizenship by naturalization, through marriage, or by adoption is €250. The Institute of Registries and Notaries (IRN) is responsible for processing all applications.
Required Documents
Crucial documents for the Portuguese citizenship application encompass birth certificates, marriage certificates (if applicable), and residency proof. Additional documents are required when applying for Portuguese citizenship through descent, marriage, or adoption.
It’s crucial to ensure that all documents are authentic and if they’re in a language other than Portuguese, they must be translated into Portuguese.
Application Fees
The applicable fees for obtaining Portuguese citizenship are €250 for naturalization, through marriage, and by adoption. For citizenship by descent, the fee is either $225.00 or 175 euros.
For those opting for the investment route, the minimum investment required to obtain Portuguese citizenship through investment is €280,000, €350,000, or €400,000, depending on the chosen investment option. In addition, there is an extra cost of €65 for obtaining the Portuguese passport.
Submission Methods
The process for submitting your application for Portuguese citizenship has seen some updates. While you can still apply online, by post, or in person, the timeline for the application process now begins as soon as you submit your application for a temporary residency permit. This change is particularly relevant for those applying under the Golden Visa program, where administrative delays are now taken into account.
Additionally, the online application process has been streamlined to reduce processing times, and applicants are encouraged to submit their documentation through the updated digital platform. It's also important to ensure all required documents are translated into Portuguese and certified if applicable.
Role of the Civil Registry Office and SEF in the Citizenship Application Process
In the Portuguese citizenship application process, two key entities play crucial roles: the Civil Registry Office and the Immigration and Borders Service (SEF).
- Civil Registry Office: This office is responsible for examining and verifying your citizenship application and all supporting documents. They ensure that your application complies with Portuguese nationality laws, acting as the gatekeeper to your citizenship by meticulously reviewing every detail.
- SEF (Immigration and Borders Service): SEF's primary role is to validate the legality of your residence in Portugal. They confirm that you have met all the necessary residence requirements, which is a critical component of your citizenship application. SEF collaborates with the Civil Registry Office to ensure that all aspects of your residency are verified, contributing to the final approval of your application.
Support and Assistance in Obtaining Portuguese Citizenship
Expert legal advice proves invaluable while navigating the complexities of the citizenship application process. Legal services can assist with the application process, ensuring that the submission is accurately completed.
In some cases, they can even complete the application on behalf of the applicant, especially for online applications that require an attorney’s involvement.
Portuguese Citizenship Test and Language Assessment
The Portuguese Citizenship Test, known as the Certificado Inicial de Português Língua Estrangeira (CIPLE), is essential for applicants. The test includes:
- Reading and Writing: 45% of the exam.
- Oral Comprehension: 30% of the exam.
- Oral Expression: 25% of the exam.
To pass, you need a minimum score of 55%. The exam can be taken at approved centers in Portugal and is typically designed for beginners (A2 level).
Dual Citizenship and Renouncing Portuguese Citizenship
If, for any reason, you wish to renounce your Portuguese citizenship, the process involves contacting either the Portuguese Civil Registry Office (IRN) or the nearest Portuguese embassy or consulate.
Advantages of Dual Citizenship
- 🌍 Travel Freedom: Dual citizens can benefit from visa-free travel to over 180 countries with a Portuguese passport, while retaining the ability to use their original passport for entry into their home country.
- 🏡 Property Ownership: Dual citizens can own property in both Portugal and their country of origin without the restrictions that might apply to foreigners.
- 🏥 Access to Benefits: You can access social services, healthcare, and education in both countries.
- 💼 Taxation: Dual citizens must be aware of tax obligations in both countries, which might involve filing taxes in both jurisdictions.
Summary
In a nutshell, acquiring Portuguese citizenship is a journey filled with exciting possibilities. With a rich culture, a host of benefits, and a welcoming community, becoming a Portuguese citizen is a rewarding endeavor.
Whether you choose to pursue citizenship through naturalization, descent, marriage, adoption, investment, or special cases, the path to Portuguese citizenship is a journey worth embarking on!
Frequently Asked Questions
Is it easy to get citizenship in Portugal?
It is relatively easy to obtain Portuguese citizenship, with the process being straightforward and taking only a few months. Ancestry or marriage are common pathways, but there are other options for those who do not qualify through these routes.
Can a US citizen get citizenship in Portugal?
Yes, a US citizen can obtain citizenship in Portugal through the Portugal Golden Visa program, which allows holders to apply for citizenship after five years of holding the visa.
Can you have dual citizenship in the US and Portugal?
Yes, both the US and Portugal allow dual citizenship under specific criteria and situations, permitting individuals to hold citizenship in both countries simultaneously.
What are the benefits of obtaining Portuguese citizenship?
Obtaining Portuguese citizenship offers access to Portugal's social security, healthcare, and education; freedom to live, work, and study throughout the EU without limitations; and visa-free or visa-on-arrival entry to 173 countries. These benefits provide a range of advantages for individuals seeking to establish their lives in Portugal and beyond.
What are the eligibility criteria for obtaining Portuguese citizenship?
To be eligible for Portuguese citizenship, one must meet residency requirements, demonstrate language proficiency, and have ancestry or family ties.
What are the pathways to Portuguese citizenship through family reunification?
Citizenship through family reunification is possible for spouses, children, and sometimes grandchildren of Portuguese citizens. Spouses can apply after three years of marriage, while children born to a Portuguese parent can obtain citizenship at birth.
What is the interview and screening process for Portuguese citizenship applicants?
The process involves background checks on criminal records, residency, and language skills. An interview may be conducted to assess cultural knowledge and integration.
What is the HQA Visa and its requirements?
The HQA Visa is for professionals with a job offer or contract in Portugal, requiring high expertise. Applicants need relevant qualifications and sufficient financial resources.
About Movingto
Movingto is a leading immigration law firm that specializes in helping individuals and families navigate the complex process of relocating to Portugal.
With a team of experienced lawyers and immigration experts, Movingto.io provides tailored solutions to meet the unique needs of each client.
Why Choose Movingto?
- Expertise and Experience: Our lawyers have extensive knowledge of Portuguese immigration law and years of experience assisting clients with various visa applications, including the D7 Visa, Golden Visa, Startup Visa, and Family Reunion Visa.
- Personalized Approach: We understand that every client's situation is different. Our lawyers take the time to listen to your goals and provide personalized advice and guidance throughout the process.
- Comprehensive Support: Movingto.io offers a comprehensive range of services beyond legal advice, including assistance with document preparation, property search, and relocation planning.
- Competitive Fees: We offer competitive fees and transparent pricing so that you know exactly what to expect.
- Exceptional Client Service: Our team is committed to providing exceptional client service. We are responsive, attentive, and always available to answer your questions.
Whether you are an entrepreneur seeking to establish a business in Portugal, a retiree looking to enjoy the country's favorable tax regime, or a family seeking to reunite in Portugal, Movingto.io is here to guide you every step of the way.
.svg)
